USO DE MICROSOFT WORD PARA LA TRADUCCIÓN

Este es un proyecto en diapositivas que pensaba utilizar en mi privado de la USAC para optar al título de Técnico en Traducción, sin embargo, no lo pude utilizar, ya saben, era un privado. En fin, lo comparto para que si les interesa puedan contactarme y así les pueda pasar los enlaces para que puedan estudiar más a fondo el tema.

Word puede resultar muy útil si no se posee una memoria de traducción.

 MICROSOFT WORD y la TRADUCCIÓN

TRANSLATION THEORY

Translators must know what is behind their actions as professionals in the field of language. The following is a compilation of translation theories that could help us understand how translation works:

Dynamic Equivalence

(Eugene Nida)

Theory	Dynamic Equivalence
Theorist (s)	Eugene Nida.
Description	Equivalence, in translation, is a segment of text that has reached the same value compared to the text in the Source language. There are two types of equivalence: Formal equivalence and Dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence aims to preserve the original’s linguistic form:  word combination, syntax and sometimes sonority, completeness of the meaning is often lost. Dynamic equivalence, on the other hand, adapts the text to the new reader in such a way that the reader conceives it as a fluent and natural text. The closest linguistic community’s words are used to convey Dynamic equivalence. Nida proposes the following translation procedure: Liturgical Ordo examination, determine the Ordo’s elements, study the cultural components that are capable to express the message in the best way; in order to treat ambiguous passages, the translator must find the least ambiguous meaning and use it in the translation.
Application	Poetry, philosophical texts, political texts, humor, idioms, metaphors, religious texts

Skopos Theory

(Hans Vermeer)

  

Theory	Skopos Theory
Theorist (s)	Hans Vermeer
Description	The Skopos translation Theory is based on the rule that translation must be an intercultural aforethought, interpersonal interaction.The translations ought to take into account the function of the target text and the source text. Skopos Theory empowers the text to function in a given situation, for a given reader so the text responds directly to the demands of the reader and the situation.
Application	Curriculum Vitae, Bible translation, idioms, Humor, literary texts, narrative texts, fables, essays.

Invisibility Theory

(Lawrence Venuti)

Theory	Invisibility Theory
Theorist (s)	Lawrence Venuti
Description	Venuti argues that translator should leave some hints in the translated text so the reader is able to know that what he is reading is a translation. Venuti’s translation theory advocates for a non-fluent or estranging translation style arranged to prevent the translator or translated text from being under the shadows. And by doing so highlighting the foreign identity of the source text.
Application	Bible translation, idioms, Humor, literary texts, narrative texts, fables, essays, Literature, religion, law (commercial law, contracts, corporate articles), philosophy on language, treaties, poetry, philosophical texts, political texts, humor, idioms, metaphors, religious texts

Contemporary Translation Theories

(Edwin Gentzler)

Theory	Contemporary Translation Theories
Theorist (s)	Edwin Gentzler
Description	Edwin Gentzler explores the different theories of translations in his work Contemporary Translation Theories. He studies the strengths and weaknesses of many methods giving a careful explanation of each and tracing the connections among them.
Application	Poetry, philosophical texts, political texts, humor, idioms, metaphors, religious texts, Curriculum Vitae, Bible translation, idioms, Humor, literary texts, narrative texts, fables, essays.

Systematic Hermeneutic Translation Theory

(George Steiner)

Theory	Systematic Hermeneutic Translation Theory
Theorist (s)	George Steiner
Description	Translation is a hermeneutical process composed by four movements: initial trust, aggression, incorporation and retribution. The first two movements are specially linked with the text while the others two are chained to the translator activity. Steiner’s Theory focuses primarily on the importance of the cultural baggage of the translator.
Application	Literature, religion, law (commercial law, contracts, corporate articles), philosophy on language, treaties.

Interpretative Model

(Mariane Lederer)

Theory	Interpretative Model
Theorist (s)	Mariane Lederer
Description	A translation’s main objective should be to transmit ideas and not a copy word by word. Translations is not about language or words, it is in fact a comprehension meaning and message exercise.  The first step is the comprehension of the Source text, that is to de-verbalize its linguistic form (get rid of its original form and keeping nothing but the meaning), express in your mother tongue the comprehended ideas and feelings experimented while reading the original text.
Application	Journalist texts, letters, notes, speeches, conferences, humor, puns, literature (novels, poems, essays; video, TV or theater scripts)

Interpretative Model

(Danika Selescovitch)

Theory	Interpretative Model
Theorist (s)	Danica Seleskovitch
Description	This translation theory takes into account not only a Contrastive language exercise but centers itself in the relation among translation and context. The process of translation is based on three movements: The comprehension of the Source text, to de-verbalize its linguistic form, express or reformulate, the comprehended ideas and feelings experimented while reading the original text.
Application	Journalist texts, letters, notes, speeches, Written conferences, humor, puns, literature (novels, poems, essays; video, TV or theater scripts)

Dual Theory of Semantic and Communicative Methods of Translation

(Peter Newmark)

Theory	Dual theory of semantic and communicative methods of translation
Theorist (s)	Peter Newmark
Description	According to Newmark the fundamental methods to translate are: The communicative approach (it primarily focuses on reproducing the same effect in the TL readers as what was felt by the SL readers) and the Semantic approach (It focuses in the reproduction of the same contextual meaning of the author). According to this theory within the text coexists and interact several types of meaning such as linguistic, referential, subjective, inferencial etcetera. The texts are classified in: scientific-technical, cultural institutional, literary text. The better written a text is the more carefully its translation should be.
Application	Metaphors, Technical, instruction manuals, monographic publications, Scientific texts, publications review, review, literary texts, law texts.

Foreignization and Nationalization

(Federico Schleiermacher)

Theory	Foreignization and Nationalization
Theorist (s)	Federico Schleiermacher
Description	The theory of foreignization claims that the most important thing in a translation is to leave some glances of the source cultural, by leaving for example words within the translation in the SL. Nationalization on the other hand claims that a translation should not take into account the Source Text but the Target Text (TT). Foreignization makes the reader come closer to the ST, while nationalization makes the source text come closer to the reader.
Application	Cultural brochures, , notes, speeches, Written conferences, humor, puns, literature.

ESIT

(École Supérieure d’Interprètes et de Traducteurs)

(Mariane Lederer and Danika Selescovitch)

Theory	ESIT (École Supérieure d’Interprètes et de Traducteurs) Interpretative Theory
Theorist (s)	Mariane Lederer and Danika Selescovitch
Description	The Interpretative Theory was created by Mariane Lederer and Danika Selescovitch, it is composed by three main steps: The comprehension of the text, de-verbalize it, , express or reformulate it
Application	Journalist texts, letters, notes, speeches, Written conferences, humor, puns, literature (novels, poems, essays; video, TV or theater scripts)

                                                 Translations Shifts

(Jhon Cunison Catford)

Theory	Translation Shifts
Theorist (s)	Jhon Cunison Catford
Description	Catford Theory is based on a linguistic approach to translation. Catford introduced the term of translation shift. Catford approach to translation is based in three aspects: translation length, grammatical categories, language level. As well as Nida, Catford identifies two types of translation methods: formal equivalence and literal equivalence.
Application	Poetry, literature, philosophy.